Publisher's Synopsis
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1906 edition. Excerpt: ... PART IV. CLINICAL MICROSCOPY AND DIAGNOSIS. SECTION I. Urine. The sample should be taken from the entire quantity passed in 24 hours. Otherwise, select a sample passed some hours after a meal. Do not use the morning's urine for routine examination, as in this urine, least evidence of disturbance of the renal functions will be found. Putrefaction soon occurs when urine is allowed to stand, before examination. A crystal or two of thymol tends to prevent this, and does not destroy the efficacy of any of the coarser chemical or microscopical tests. Methods of examination. 1. Physical examination.' (a) Note the quantity passed in 24 hours. This is important in calculating the actual daily excretion of any normal or abnormal urinary constituents, as well as determining whether oliguria or polyuria exists. (b) Note the color and such features as turbidity or sediment and, if these are present, their characters. Various changes in color and clearness are found both in normal and abnormal urines. These changes in normal urine depend upon the amount of the solid constituents, putrefactive changes, and the like. The urine is variously colored by the presence of such constituents as phosphates, urates, pus, blood and bile. (c) Take the specific gravity. By this we get (particularly in a 24 hour specimen), a good indication of the amount of solids in the urine. The usual formula given is to multiply the last two figures by 2.33, and so obtain the number of grammes of solids per litre. 2. Chemical tests. (a) Take the reaction with litmus paper. The reaction is important in carrying out certain albumin tests. It may also indicate-the nature of a sediment. If the urine be at all turbid, filter through several sheets of filter paper, before the...
